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Hasan al-Kharrat
Hasan al-Kharrat ((アラビア語:حسن الخراط) 1861 or 1875〔Author Sami Moubayed lists the birth year as 1861 (Moubayed, 2006, p. 381,) while author Michael Provence writes al-Kharrat was 50 years old in late 1925 (Provence, 2005, p. 100.)〕–25 December 1925) was a Syrian nationalist and one of the principal leaders of the Great Syrian Revolt against the French Mandate and the best-known military leader of rebel forces in Damascus and the Ghouta countryside. A well-connected ''qabaday'' (local youths boss) from the al-Shaghour quarter of Damascus, al-Kharrat joined the revolt in August 1925 and subsequently formed an armed group of fighting men from his quarter and various other neighborhoods and villages in the vicinity. In mid-October he commanded the rebel assault against the French Army in Damascus, briefly capturing the French High-Commissioner Maurice Sarrail's residence. After withdrawing from Damascus, which was heavily bombarded by French forces, al-Kharrat continued to lead forays against French positions in and around Damascus until being killed in a French ambush in the Ghouta. Due to his efforts against French rule and his death in that struggle, al-Kharrat is considered a hero by Syrians until the present day.〔Provence, 2005, p. 119.〕
==Early life and career==
Al-Kharrat was born to a Sunni Muslim family in Damascus in 1861.〔(Syria Opposition Leader Interview Transcript ). ''Wall Street Journal''. 2011-12-02.〕〔Moubayed, 2006, p. 381.〕 He grew up in the city and did not have a high school education.〔 Al-Kharrat eventually served as the night watchman of the al-Shaghour quarter in the Old City and as the guard of the neighborhood's orchards,〔〔Batatu, 1999, p. 117.〕〔Neep, 2012, pp. 79–80.〕 a role he continued to perform until late 1925.〔Provence, 2005, p. 100.〕
During the early French Mandate period, which began in 1920, al-Kharrat served the role of al-Shaghour's ''qabaday''.〔〔Burke and Khoury, 2006, p. 157.〕 The ''qabaday'' was the traditional leader of a village or neighborhood's local toughs who was informally charged with redressing grievances and defending a neighborhood's honor against local criminals or the encroachments of ''qabadayat'' (plural form) from other neighborhoods. According to historian Phillip S. Khoury, the ''qabaday'' was characterized as an honorable man by the masses, noted for his personal strength,〔Burke and Khoury, 2006, p. 152.〕 honor and protection of minorities and the poor.〔Burke and Khoury, 2006, p. 154.〕 A ''qabaday'' normally shunned formal education and was considered an "upholder of Arab traditions and customs, the guardian of popular culture," according to Khoury.〔〔 Despite occasional "shady dealings, preference for physical coercion and even committing 'mortal' sins for personal gain," the ''qabaday'' was distinguished from the ''zu'ran'', who were more associated with criminal activity and extortion (''khuwwa'') rackets.〔 The ''qabadayat'' were normally linked with particular city notables and could secure political support for them inside the quarters where the notables might not have the kind of direct relationship with residents the way a ''qabaday'' would.〔
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